Identification Keys
The identification keys to the ant genera of Borneo by Prof. Hashimoto, which are presented in their original version below, as well as his glosasary on ant morphology has recently been updated by Dr. Tom Fayle, who provides a bilingual English-Malay version of the key, which includes the latest taxonomic changes by Bolton (2003). Here we present a link to his work.
Link to the advanced key of Dr. Tom Fayle
Link to his ant glossary
In cooperation with Prof. Dr. Yoshiaki Hashimoto, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, we present here links to different identification keys from his Ants of Borneo site. We kindly thank Prof. Dr. Yoshiaki Hashimoto and are looking forward to further cooperation!
Glossary of ant morphology
- Bornean Subfamilies
- Bornean Genera of Subfamily Dolichoderinae
- Bornean Genera of Subfamily Formicinae
a) Key to the Subgenera of Polyrhachis - Bornean Genera of Subfamily Ponerinae
- Bornean Genera of Subfamily Myrmicinae
- Bornean Genera of Subfamily Leptanillinae
- Specimen key of Dorylus
Further links to identification Keys for Bornean Ants. You can download an Endnote-File containing all the references of these identification Keys as well. If you feel like there is something important missing (for example your own key), or if you want to send us keys you have available, feel free to to us.
If you should be unable to access some of the publications please feel free to contact us as well, as we may help you obtaining some of them.
Good luck with identifying your ants!
- Acanthomyrmex
Moffett MW, 1986. Revision of the myrmicine genus Acanthomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 151: 55-89.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/4323/4323.pdf - Aenictus
Wilson EO, 1964. The true army ants of the Indo-Australian Area (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae). Pacific Insects Monographs 6(3): 427-483
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/3487/3487.pdf - Acropyga
LaPolla JS, 2004. Acropyga (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the World. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 33(3): 1-130.
not available online - Camponotus (Karavaievia) spp.
Dumpert K, Maschwitz U and Weissflog A, 2006. Description of five new weaver ant species of Camponotus subgenus Karavaievia EMERY, 1925 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Malaysia and Thailand, with contribution to their biology, especially to colony foundation. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 69-82.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21110/21110.pdf - Cataulacus
Bolton B, 1974. A revision of the Palaeotropical arboreal ant genus Cataulacus F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 30: 1-105.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=6427 - Cerapachys
Brown WL, 1975. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search: Agriculture; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 15: 1-115
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/6751/6751.pdf - Cerapachys sexspinus-group
New: Borowiec ML, 2009. New ant species related to Cerapachys sexspinus and discussion of the status of Yunodorylus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 2069: 43-58.
only abstract available online
http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02069p058f.pdf - Chimaeridris
Wilson EO, 1989. Chimaeridris, a new genus of hook-mandibled myrmicine ants from tropical Asia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux 36: 62-69
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/3502/3502.pdf - Cladomyrma
Agosti D, Moog A and Maschwitz U, 1999. Revision of the Oriental ant genus Cladomyrma. Am. Mus. Novit. 3283: 1-24.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/8083/8083.pdf - Crematogaster (Physocrema)
New: Hoshoishi S & Ogata K, 2009. A taxonomic revision of the Asian endemic subgenus Physocrema of the genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2009). Zootaxa 2062: 15-36.
only abstract available online
http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02062p036f.pdf - Daceton
Taylor RW, 1985. The ants of the Papuasian genus Dacetinops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). In: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Zoogeography of Beetles and Ants (Ball GE, ed Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, 41-67.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/8295/8295.pdf - Dolichoderus (cuspidatus-group) "herdsman ants"
Dill M, Williams DJ and Maschwitz U, 2002. Herdsmen ants and their mealybug partners. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany, 373 pages, 242 figures, 329 tables, 318 plates pp.
not available online - Dorylus
Wilson EO, 1964. The true army ants of the Indo-Australian Area (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae). Pacific Insects Monographs 6(3): 427-483
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/3487/3487.pdf - Euprenolepis
New: LaPolla JS, 2009. Taxonomic Revision of the Southeast Asian Ant Genus Euprenolepis. Zootaxa 2046: 1-25
http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02046p025.pdf - Eurhopalothrix
Taylor RW, 1990. New Asian ants of the tribe Basicerotini, with an on-line computer interactive key to the twenty-six known Indo-Australian species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Invertebr. Taxon. 4: 397-425.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/2832/2832.pdf - Gnamptogenys
Lattke JE, 2004. A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analyses of the ant genys /Gnamtogenys /Roger in Southeast Asia and Australasia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) University of California Publications in Entomology. Vol. 122. 279pp
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/20288/20288.pdf - Lasiomyrma
Terayama M and Yamane S, 2000. Lasiomyrma, a new stenammine ant genus from Southeast Asia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science 3(3): 523-527.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/8412/8412.pdf - Lophomyrmex
Rigato F, 1994. Revision of the myrmicine ant genus Lophomyrmex, with a review of its taxonomic position (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 19: 47-60.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=4169 - Lordomyrma
Lucky A and Sarnat EM, 2008, New species of Lordomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Southeast Asia and Fiji., Zootaxa (1681), pp. 37-46: 39-40
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21815/21815.pdf - Mayriella
Shattuck SO and Barnett NJ, 2007. Revision of the ant genys Mayriella. In: Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions (Snelling RR, Fisher BL, Ward JV, eds), American Entomological Institute, Gainsville, 437-458.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21289/21289.pdf - Meranoplus
Schödl S, 1998. Taxonomic revision of Oriental Meranoplus F. Smith, 1853 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien Ser. B. Bot. Zool. 100: 361-394.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/8548/8548.pdf - Metapone
Eguchi K, 1998. A new ant of the genys Metapone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Sabah, Borneo. Entomological Science 1(4): 605-609.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/8416/8416.pdf - Myrmoteras
New: Zettel and Sorger, 2011. New Myrmoteras Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Southeastern Philippines. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2011 59(1): 61-67.
http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/59/59rbz061-067.pdf
Agosti D, 1992. Revision of the ant genus Myrmoteras in the Malay Archipelago (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie *99*: 405-429
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/6851/6851.pdf
Moffett MW, 1985. Revision of the genus Myrmoteras (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 151: 1-53.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=4320 - Mystrium
Bihn JH and Verhaagh M, 2007. A review of the genus Mystrium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Indo-Australian region. Zootaxa 1642: 1-12
http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01642p012.pdf - Pachycondyla nigrita group
Yamane S, 2007. Pachycondyla nigrita and related species in Southeast Asia. In: Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions (Snelling RR, Fisher BL, Ward JV, eds), Gainsville, 650-663.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21295/21295.pdf - Paratopula
Bolton B, 1988. A review of Paratopula Wheeler, a forgotten genus of myrmicine ants (Hym., Formicidae). Entomologists Monthly Magazine 124: 125-143.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=6447&page=125 - Pheidole
Eguchi K, 2001. A revision of the Bornean species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta:Hymenoptera:Formicinae:Myrmicinae). Tropics Monograph Series 2: 1-154.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/14640/14640.pdf - Pheidole fervens / Pheidole indica
Eguchi K, 2004. Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidole fervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 105 (B): 189-209.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/20425/20425.pdf - Pheidole schoedli / Pheidole parvicorpus
Eguchi K, Hashimoto Y and Malsch AKF, 2006b. Pheidole schoedli sp.n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a subterranean species found from North Borneo. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8: 31-34.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21111/21111.pdf - Polyrhachis
Dorow WH, 1995. Revision of the ant genus Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) on subgenus level with keys, checklist of species and bibliography. pp.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/8099/8099.pdf - Polyrhachis (Campomyrma)
Kohout RJ, 2007. A review of the subgenus Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) Wheeler from Borneo with descriptions of new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) Asian Myrmecology 1: 7-17
http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/publications/kohout-am01-02.pdf - Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma)
Kohout RJ, 2006. Review of Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) of Australia, Borneo, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands with descriptions of new species Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 52(1): 87-146
http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/organisation/publications/journals/mqm_archive/mqm_52_1.asp - Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) flavoflagellata-group
Kohout RJ, 2008. A new species of the Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) flavoflagellata-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) from Borneo Asian Myrmecology 2: 11-16
http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/publications/kohout-am-2008.pdf - Polyrhachis (sexspinosa-group) sp.
Bolton B, 1975. The sexspinosa-group of the ant genus Polyrhachis F. Smith (Hym. Formicidae). Journal of Entomology (B) 44: 1-14.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=6432 - Ponera
Taylor RW, 1967. A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs 13: 1-112.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/2808/2808.pdf - Prenolepis-group
New: LaPolla JS, Brady SG and Shattuck SO, 2010, Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 35(1), 118-131.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00492.x/full - Prionopelta
Shattuck SO, 2008, Revision of the ant genus Prionopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)in the Indo-Pacific region., Zootaxa (1846), pp. 21-34: 22-23
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21825/21825.pdf - Pristomyrmex
Wang M, 2003. A monographic revision of the ant genus Pristomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae9. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology 157(6): 383-539.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/20309/20309.pdf - Probolomyrmex
Eguchi E, Yoshimura M and Yamane S, 2006a. The Oriental species of the ant genus Probolomyrmex (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Proceratiinae). Zootaxa 1376: 1-35.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21149/21149.pdf - Pyramica
Bolton B, 2000. The ant tribe Dacetini. The American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, 370 pp. http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=8538
not available online - Recurvidris
Bolton B, 1992. A review of the ant genus Recurvidris, new name (Hym.: Formicidae) for Trigonogaster Forel. Psyche (Cambridge) 99(1): 35-48.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=6453 - Rhoptromyrmex
Bolton B, 1976. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Constituent genera, review of smaller genera and revision of Triglyphothrix Forel. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 34: 281-379.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=6433 - Rotastruma
Bolton B, 1991. New myrmicine ant genera from the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Syst. Entomol. 16: 1-13.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=6452 - Strumigenys
Bolton B, 2000. The ant tribe Dacetini. The American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, 370 pp. http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=8538
only in parts available online - Technomyrmex
Bolton B, 2007. Taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus Technomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on the worker cast. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 35(1): 1-149.
not available online - Tetheamyrma
Bolton B, 1991. New myrmicine ant genera from the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Syst. Entomol. 16: 1-13.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=6452 - Tetramorium
Bolton B, 1977. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicinae. The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Oriental and Indo-Australian regions and in Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (National History): Entomology series 36(2): 68-151
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/6434/6434.pdf - Tetraponera
Ward PS, 2001. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Oriental and Australian regions. Invertebrate Taxonomy 15: 589-665
http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/faculty/ward/tetorkey.pdf - Vombisidris
Bolton B, 1991. New myrmicine ant genera from the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 16: 1-13.
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.hlviewer?id=6452